Amazon Versus Borders Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Amazon Versus Borders - Research Paper Example However, the winds of change, increased competition, effect of poor investment decisions and other factors hit hard in 2007 when the company begun selling off its international subsidiaries and company stocks fell to a six-year-low of $12.28 per share (Bomey, 2011). Borders never recovered and spiraled to its liquidation in July 2011. Amazon was started in 1995 by Jeff Bezos in a two-car garage in Bellevue, Washington. In May 15, 1997 Amazon.com went public (Amazon.com, 2012a). By end of 1998, the company had opened music and DVD stores and launched international sites in Germany and the UK. in 1999, due the company’s phenomenal growth that saw it include numerous services such as zShops, auctions and an array of products from electronics to toys to home improvement, the founder and CEO, Jeff Bezos was named TIME Magazine â€Å"Person Of The Year†. Amazon launched Web Services in 2002, the kindle in 2007 and by 2008 it had over 76 million active customers’ ac counts and order fulfillment to more than 200 countries. An interesting fact is that whereas it took Wal-Mart 20 years to realize annual revenues of over US $5 billion, Amazon achieved this feat in 8 years (Amazon.com, 2012b; Chaffey, 2012). Amazon has moved from selling only online books to selling a wide array of products and services. Even though both Borders and Amazon were founded with their core activity being the sale of books, the former chose to focus in its earlier products whereas the latter kept adding two new product categories for almost every year of its existence. However, it is neither the product focus of Borders nor Amazon’s diversified product base that explains there very different fortunes. Of course, one of the more obvious factors that led to the demise of Borders and the rise of Amazon was their management’s approach towards the Internet as a sales outlet as well as a tool for marketing, branding and growth. According to Evans (2011), Borde rs greatest failed to adequately address the internet sales channel and worse still they opted to outsource what in retrospect turned out to be a game changer in the book selling industry. We however, think it not fair to judge Borders managers so quickly without a deeper understanding of how organizations make strategic change. To begin with, much of the disruptive change to the book retail and publishing industry took place between the mid-1990s to the early 2000s. This implies that whereas Amazon was getting born within this disruptive environment, Borders had already been in operation for two decades. Borders therefore had already within it an engrained culture which dictated how it operated. According to Johnson (1992) managers respond to situation in ways which are in line with the paradigm and the cultural, social and political norms of their organizational life. This way one could argue that while the industry was undergoing a major change, Borders managers did that which is natural for managers in any organization to do, which is to deal with the situation in terms of their existing paradigm. On the other hand, having been founded in such a disruptive environment, Amazon adopted the culture of a learning organization right from the outset. Thus we believe the first reason why Borders, although

Islamic ART Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Islamic ART - Essay Example One of the fundamental features of Islamic art that sets the tone for the bulk of the collection (though the objects on display are not all Islamic, with also Christian cultures like Egyptian Copts being represented) is the tendency for aniconism, which means unacceptability of images featuring God (for Islam doesn’t actually have a clear visual representation of the latter), human beings or animals. Since the dawn of Islam, the God was perceived as a â€Å"great shaper†, i.e. the only one entitled to endow shape to living beings; thus, the person painting the latter literally encroached divine powers of the God (___). Given strong aniconistic tendencies, Islamic art had another focal features contributing to its authentic nature: these are lavish use ornamentation – predominantly geometric elements and various floral ornaments – and extensive use of Islamic calligraphy. As the objects of art show us, calligraphy is not only a purely practical phenomenon, but also a peculiar Islamic art, a significant cultural attribute of Islam playing an essential role in artistic representations of Islamic culture throughout history. Probably, calligraphy is what would definitely help distinguish an Islamic art object from others, along with orations and lavishness in adornment. This field of Islamic art formed on the basis of Qur’an copying and is therefore the seminal and inseparable part of Islam itself; moreover, Arabic is considered sacred, for it is the language of the Qur’an revelation to the Prophet and is the means for preservation and communication of the message of God. First used for religious purposes only, it later transformed into art and became an integral part of visual art. The Met exhibition features an enormous number of Qur’an folios that were created in different periods beginning with the rule of Umayyads and later. Particularly, a good example of a Qur’an